Is masturbation haram (forbidden) in Islam?

The majority of scholars from the four madhabs consider masturbation to be haram (forbidden). Their primary evidence is the verse in Surah Al-Mu'minun where Allah praises the believers "who guard their private parts except from their wives or those whom their right hands possess" — and then says "whoever seeks beyond that, then those are the transgressors." Scholars argue that masturbation falls under "seeking beyond that."

A minority of scholars — particularly some from the Hanbali school, including Imam Ahmad in one narration — permitted it only in cases of extreme necessity: when a person genuinely fears falling into zina (fornication) and has no ability to marry. Even in this view, it is considered a lesser evil chosen to avoid a greater sin, not something permissible in itself.

The Prophet (peace be upon him) advised young men who cannot afford marriage to fast, as fasting reduces desire. This is the primary Islamic remedy for managing sexual desire outside of marriage. Other recommended practices include: lowering the gaze, avoiding situations that arouse desire, keeping busy with worship and beneficial activities, and seeking marriage as soon as possible.

If someone struggles with this habit, they should not despair of Allah's mercy. Repentance (tawbah) is always open, and Allah forgives all sins for those who sincerely turn to Him. The key is to keep trying, keep repenting, and take practical steps to reduce temptation.